Giving Characters Personalites Via Sound Design

Giving Characters Personalities That Evolve, Via Sound Design

Film characters become more relatable when audiences are invited to not just see their world but to hear it as they do, especially as the character’s personality and psychology evolve over time.

In some of the cases below, the evolution in a character’s perception of a sound was written into the script. In some it wasn’t. But in all cases, it COULD have been in the script, instead of having to be discovered by accident in post-production.

I’m hoping these examples will inspire screenwriters and directors to think more deeply about what their characters hear, and how they hear it. I’m also hoping the examples will be an aid to sound designers in their discussions with directors during pre-production, production, and post-production, as well as a useful source of ideas.

The list is in random order, except that “Apocalypse Now” and “The Revenant” are first, because I happened to work on them. Next month I will include about as many more good examples.

From Internal Journeys to Loss to Heroism... Sound Adds Character



​“Apocalypse Now" (1979) - Captain Willard and the Sound of Helicopter Blades

The sound of helicopter blades in the film has a dual role. One is literal, embodying the power and danger of the war machines. The other is metaphorical/musical, reflecting
Captain Willard’s psychological response to the war and his inner turmoil. That response is sometimes ominous, for example in the beginning of the film during his hallucination/nightmare. But it can be literally uplifting as well. For example, when the group of helicopters flies in formation like a flock of birds, the synthesized thumping of the blades is beautiful and harmonious.

"The Revenant" (2015) - Hugh Glass's Perception of the Rhythmic, Whispering Wind

Hugh Glass (Leonardo DiCaprio), after surviving a brutal bear attack and being left for dead, frequently encounters the sound of the wind whispering through the trees. Initially, this sound embodies the harsh and indifferent wilderness that threatens his survival. As he endures immense physical and emotional pain, the wind begins to carry echoes of his deceased wife and son, blending reality with the memory of where he first heard this rhythmic whispering sound. By the film's end, the wind transforms into a symbol of solace and spiritual connection, reflecting Glass's internal journey from vengeance to acceptance and his reconnection with his lost family.

"Arrival" (2016) - Louise Banks's Perception of Alien Sounds

Linguist Louise Banks (Amy Adams) works to understand the language of extraterrestrial visitors. The incomprehensible sounds initially create tension and fear among the human characters. As Louise delves deeper into communication with the aliens, the sounds become meaningful and even comforting to her. This shift reveals her open-mindedness and foreshadows her altered perception of time and reality.

"No Country for Old Men" (2007) - Llewelyn Moss's Reaction to Silence

Llewelyn Moss (Josh Brolin) finds himself pursued by the relentless assassin Anton Chigurh. In moments of tension, the absence of sound or the amplification of subtle noises like footsteps becomes significant. Initially, silence is a backdrop, but as danger closes in, it heightens his alertness and fear. The changing perception of silence reflects his increasing paranoia and the gravity of his situation.

"The Sixth Sense" (1999) - Cole Sear's Interaction with Whispering Voices

Young Cole Sear (Haley Joel Osment) hears whispers and unsettling noises that others cannot, representing his ability to see and communicate with spirits. Initially, these sounds terrify him, symbolizing his isolation and fear of the unknown. Through his relationship with Dr. Malcolm Crowe (Bruce Willis), Cole learns to understand and even assist the spirits, changing his perception of the whispers from haunting to communicative. This shift illustrates his growth and acceptance of his unique ability.

"Jaws" (1975) - Chief Brody's Relationship with Ocean Sounds

Chief Martin Brody (Roy Scheider) has a deep-seated fear of water. The sounds of the ocean—waves crashing, water lapping—initially serve as a constant reminder of his phobia and the unseen dangers lurking beneath. As the shark attacks escalate, these sounds heighten his anxiety and sense of helplessness. However, when he finally confronts the great white shark, the ocean sounds shift in his perception from representing fear to embodying the battleground where he must assert his courage. This change illustrates his personal growth and determination to protect his community despite his fears.

"A Quiet Place" (2018) - Regan's Evolving Connection to Sound

Regan Abbott (Millicent Simmonds), who is deaf, lives in a world where making sound can be fatal due to sound-sensitive creatures. Initially, her inability to hear is a source of vulnerability and frustration, isolating her from her family. Over time, Regan's perception changes when she discovers that her cochlear implant can emit a high-frequency sound that repels the creatures. The sound, once a symbol of her perceived weakness, becomes a powerful tool. This shift reveals her journey toward self-empowerment and her critical role in her family's survival.

"Blade Runner 2049" (2017) - Officer K's Perception of Synthetic Sounds

Officer K (Ryan Gosling), a replicant, navigates a futuristic world filled with artificial sounds—from holographic advertisements to engineered environments. Initially, these synthetic sounds blend into the background of his monotonous existence. As he begins to question his own identity and experiences what he believes to be implanted memories, the artificial sounds become intrusive and disconcerting. This change mirrors his internal struggle with authenticity and his place in a society that blurs the lines between real and artificial, highlighting his longing for genuine connection.

"The Shawshank Redemption" (1994) - Andy Dufresne's Use of Music

Andy Dufresne (Tim Robbins) brings a moment of transcendence to Shawshank Prison by playing "Duettino - Sull'aria" from Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro" over the loudspeakers. Initially, the prison is a place devoid of beauty and hope, filled with oppressive sounds of chains and bars. The music interrupts this harsh soundscape, and the inmates perceive it as a liberating force that momentarily frees them from their confinement. For Andy, the sound of music evolves from personal solace to a means of offering hope to others, reflecting his unbroken spirit and altruism.

"Gravity" (2013) - Dr. Ryan Stone's Interaction with Silence

Dr. Ryan Stone (Sandra Bullock) faces the vast silence of space after a disaster leaves her stranded. Initially, the absence of sound amplifies her fear and isolation, making the void seem hostile. As she battles to survive, the silence becomes a space for introspection, allowing her to confront her grief over her daughter's death. By embracing the silence, she finds inner strength and a will to live. This shift illustrates her emotional journey from despair to resilience.

"The Lord of the Rings" Trilogy (2001-2003) - Frodo's Perception of the Ring's Whispering

Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) hears the One Ring whispering to him, growing louder and more insistent as he gets closer to Mordor. Initially, the whispers are subtle temptations that he can resist. Over time, the sounds become overwhelming, reflecting the increasing burden of carrying the Ring and its corrupting influence. This progression highlights Frodo's internal struggle with power and temptation, as well as the heavy cost of his mission on his psyche.

"Birdman (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" (2014) - Riggan Thomson's Inner Voice

Riggan Thomson (Michael Keaton) hears the voice of his former superhero character, Birdman, speaking to him. At first, the voice is a nagging doubt, questioning his efforts to reinvent himself as a serious actor. As pressures mount, the voice grows louder and more intrusive, representing his insecurities and fear of irrelevance. The change in how he perceives this sound reflects his deteriorating mental state and the blurring of his reality, culminating in a critical point where he must choose between his delusions and true self.

"Memento" (2000) - Leonard Shelby's Interaction with Polaroid Camera Sounds

Leonard Shelby (Guy Pearce) suffers from short-term memory loss and relies on Polaroid photos to record information. The click and whir of the camera become routine sounds in his life. Initially, these sounds represent his attempts to maintain control and order. As the story unfolds non-linearly, the repetitive camera sounds take on a more haunting quality, emphasizing the futility of his quest and the manipulation he endures. This shift reveals the tragic cycle he's trapped in and his vulnerability.
                    

"Donnie Darko" (2001) - Donnie's Hearing of Frank's Voice

Donnie Darko (Jake Gyllenhaal) begins hearing the voice of Frank, a mysterious figure in a rabbit suit. Initially, Frank's voice is eerie but intriguing, leading Donnie to question reality and engage in rebellious acts. As the commands become darker and more demanding, Donnie's perception shifts to fear and confusion. This auditory hallucination reflects his struggle with mental health and the burden of unraveling complex existential and temporal mysteries, ultimately leading to his acceptance of a sacrificial role.

"Gladiator" (2000) - Maximus's Memories of His Family's Voices

General Maximus Decimus Meridius (Russell Crowe) is haunted by the voices and laughter of his murdered wife and son. Initially, these sounds are a source of deep pain and fuel his desire for vengeance against those who wronged him. As he fights his way through the gladiatorial arenas, the memories of their voices become a guiding force, reminding him of the values he holds dear. In his final moments, the sounds transform into a peaceful beckoning, symbolizing his readiness to reunite with his family. This shift illustrates his journey from revenge to reconciliation and peace.

"The Imitation Game" (2014) - Alan Turing's Relationship with the Sound of Enigma

Alan Turing (Benedict Cumberbatch) works tirelessly to crack the German Enigma code during World War II. The sounds of the code-breaking machines and encrypted messages initially represent an insurmountable challenge and the pressure of war. As Turing makes breakthroughs these sounds become exhilarating, symbolizing hope and the potential to save lives. Later, when he faces persecution for his sexuality, the silence of his machines reflects his isolation and the tragedy of his personal life, highlighting the disconnect between his monumental contributions and his treatment by society.

"Casablanca" (1942) - Rick Blaine's Association with "As Time Goes By"

Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart) forbids the song "As Time Goes By" to be played in his café because it reminds him of his lost love, Ilsa Lund (Ingrid Bergman). Initially, the song evokes pain and bitterness, symbolizing his attempt to suppress his past and emotions. When Ilsa re-enters his life, the song resurfaces, and Rick's perception shifts from avoidance to acceptance. By the film's end, the song represents the enduring nature of love and the sacrifices he makes for a greater cause. This change reflects Rick's transformation from a cynical, detached individual to a selfless hero who reconnects with his feelings.

The Conversation" (1974) - Harry Caul's Obsession with a Recorded Dialogue

Surveillance expert Harry Caul (Gene Hackman) records a seemingly mundane conversation between a couple. Initially, the recorded sounds are just part of his job. As he obsessively replays the tapes, he begins to perceive hidden threats within the dialogue and background noises. His changing perception of the sound reflects his growing paranoia and guilt over past actions. This shift exposes his internal conflicts and contributes to his eventual psychological breakdown, illustrating his deepening vulnerability and loss of control.

"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937) - Snow White's Perception of Forest Sounds

When Snow White flees into the forest, the sounds of rustling leaves, creaking branches, and animal noises are amplified to seem frightening and ominous. These sound effects embody her fear and uncertainty. As she calms down and befriends the forest animals, the same sounds become gentle and welcoming. This shift in perception illustrates her ability to overcome fear through courage and kindness, reflecting her inner strength and positive outlook.

"Rebecca" (1940) - The Second Mrs. de Winter's Perception of Manderley's Sounds

The unnamed second Mrs. de Winter (Joan Fontaine) is initially unsettled by the eerie sounds of the Manderley estate—the creaking floors, distant whispers, and echoes in the grand hallways. These sounds heighten her insecurity and feelings of inadequacy living in the shadow of her husband's late wife. As she becomes more assertive and uncovers the truth about Rebecca, the oppressive sounds lose their hold over her. This change reflects her growth from a timid, naive girl into a confident woman reclaiming her place in the household.

"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre" (1948) - Fred C. Dobbs's Perception of the Wind

Fred C. Dobbs (Humphrey Bogart) initially pays little attention to the wind in the mountains. As the trio discovers gold and greed takes hold, the howling wind becomes a haunting sound that feeds Dobbs's paranoia about being betrayed by his partners. The once unnoticed natural sound transforms into an ominous presence reflecting his descent into madness. This shift illustrates how greed and mistrust corrupt his character.

"The Third Man" (1949) - Holly Martins's Perception of Footsteps in Vienna

Holly Martins (Joseph Cotten) wanders the dark, cobblestone streets of post-war Vienna, where the sound of footsteps echo ominously. Initially, these sounds create a sense of mystery and distrust, symbolizing the secrets surrounding his friend Harry Lime's (Orson Welles) death. As Holly uncovers the truth about Harry's illicit activities, the footsteps become clues that lead him deeper into moral ambiguity. The change in his perception mirrors his journey from naive friend to a man grappling with betrayal and his own ethical choices.

Using A Thesaurus For Sound Effects Searches

Using A Thesaurus For Sound Effects Searches

When diving into a sound effects library looking for tornado-related sounds, a couple of search terms quickly come to mind: tornado and wind. But casting out a wider net will usually collect far more potentially useful sounds. A thesaurus can really help by reminding you of related terms. In this case, following thesaurus leads could take you to: hurricane, cyclone, gust, blow, storm, typhoon, twister, gale, squall, wreckage, destruction, ruin, collapse, disintegration, shred, explo, rip, crunch and even doppler.

A library search using any one of these words will probably retrieve a bunch more sounds that could be useful in building the soundscape of a tornado. And there is a good chance than only a few of those sounds would have made it onto your initial list.

Cast a Wide Net

So much of good sound design comes from being surprised and from discovering things you didn’t anticipate and then knowing how to use them. When you’re doing field recording, the best sounds you find are often ones you never would have guessed were going to be at that location. Likewise, throwing yourself into library searches that may only be peripherally related to the thing you think you are looking for can, way more often than you might think, allow you to discover exactly what you are looking for, what you need, and what will put cool spins on important moments.

The same goes for recordists and librarians who are adding sound effects to a library or building new libraries. If you have a recording of an electrical hum, you will definitely want to use tags like: buzz, drone, whir, thrum, current, voltage, circuit, etc. to give searchers the best chance of finding your sound.

As I’ve mentioned elsewhere, using emotion words as keywords in a search can be a fantastic way of finding useful sounds you might not think to look for directly. Words like scary, soothing, weird, funny, and comical are often great search terms when combined with keywords that are more specific to what you are looking for.

Happy hunting!

Using Layers to Make One Sound

Using Layers to Make One Sound

I’m working on a project now that needs a certain kind of creature voice. It’s an animated film, and this particular creature character should sound variously grumpy, fierce, funny, and endearing. That’s a huge performance range. It isn’t a “language,” just animal sounds, but has to feel a bit like a language. The voice needs lots of character, but it also must sound like an animal. Most animals don’t have a wide character range. Big challenge!

Characteristics like funny, endearing, and even grumpy are vocal qualities we normally associate with smooth “tonal” sounds: coos, whimpers, hums, etc. But they often don’t sound “animalistic.” The animal part usually comes from rough, glottal sounds with a big “noise” (complex, uncorrelated waveforms) component.

Layering: Getting the best of both worlds: tonal and noise.

So how to get the best of worlds, the tonal parts and the noise parts, and make it seem like one thing? Layering. But simply finding a tonal vocal from a puppy (or a person trying to sound like a puppy), and a rough and raspy vocal from a cheetah, then playing them at the same time will rarely work. It will usually sound like two voices, not one. This is where some sound manicuring comes in.

Begin the experimenting by simply playing various raspy and tonal vocals at the
 same time. Line them up on adjacent tracks in ProTools or some other program, and just play them. It’s very likely that if you have twenty combinations like that, at least one or two will play together perfectly, at least momentarily, and that will give you ideas about how to make additional successful combinations.

Getting more meticulous and methodical about it:

Try starting the tonal and the raspy elements at exactly the same time, and/or ending them at exactly the same time.

Try fading either one in, or fading either one out, so that there is a gradual transition.

Having “attack” moments in both sounds will often be the main thing that makes them feel like two separate sounds rather than one unified sound.

Try modulating the tonal element in a “granular” (bumpy) way that feels similar to the bumpiness happening in the raspy element. You can to this with a tremolo plug-in, or by doing lots of rapid volume graph manipulation.

None of this is quick, and quite a bit of your success will depend on accidents you didn’t anticipate, but that’s true of all art.
 
And this approach can be used when creating all kinds of sounds with combined elements: explosions, vehicle bys, laser blasts, wind, etc.
 
Have fun experimenting!

How To Continue To Beat Your A.I. Competitor

Continue to Beat Your A.I. Competitor

A.I. is not going away, and it will improve at doing sound. I think eventually it will be better at it than any human. That’s the bad news for all us humans who want to make a living in the long run as sound designers, sound editors, sound mixers.

The good news for us is that for at least a while, A.I. will continue to be crappy to mediocre at it, for two reasons. We can exploit those two deficiencies, and beat A.I, for now, using it as a tool whenever it suits us.

The sound jobs where the bosses don’t really care at all about the quality of sound in their projects will quickly fall to A.I. But the jobs where the bosses do care, at least a little, are defensible positions for us for some years to come if we remember and get better at these two things:

Transcend the obvious to tell the story...

First, it doesn’t “know” yet how to transcend the obvious. By “obvious,” I mean what we used to call “see a dog, hear a dog,” meaning that if there is a dog on the screen, and you’re the sound editor, put some dog sounds in. A great sound editor/designer finds ways to go beyond what is minimally required in order to tell a more interesting story.

If the dog happens to turn its head, create a sound to motivate that turn. A.I. isn’t currently smart enough to do that. Or use a vocal sound for the dog that isn’t actually a dog, but close. It’ll be plausible as a dog, but it will also have an exotic, unexpected feel that draws the listener in. Maybe it’s a fox vocalization, a wolf, or a hyena breath.

We humans love little question marks hanging in the air, because we’re all about making up stories with the limited info we have at hand, or ear.

Finding/making sounds that have an oblique relationship to the action in a film/video is almost always a good strategy anyway. A roaring engine can often be plausibly enhanced by a roaring animal or a roaring wind. Wind for a mysterious place will take on more character and be more mysterious if it contains human whispers. A wild, out of control, screeching rocket can be enhanced by chalk squeaking on a blackboard, as I did for the film The Right Stuff.

Only a clever user of A.I. will know to use these kinds of quirky prompts. Be that clever user.


Second, the most important and most difficult part of our job is not using gear to generate and manipulate sounds. It’s using our ears, eyes, minds, and mouths to communicate with our bosses and colleagues. A.I. isn’t smart enough yet to do that either. You can give it a prompt, but it’s not sophisticated enough to ask you a question about the prompt, or to read between the lines of the prompt, or understand your particular prompt quirks.

You are not likely to truly please a director with your work until you know that person at least a bit. The social, interpersonal skill set isn’t taught in sound schools, and it sure isn’t programmed into A.I. that’s doing sound… yet.


So, don’t use the obvious sound, unless you know your boss wants you to use the obvious sound. And train your ears to listen even better to the speakers that matter most: the
speakers otherwise known as your bosses and colleagues.

I will dive deeper into beating A.I. at the creativity game in new articles soon.

Curating Accidents and Mistakes

Curating Accidents and Mistakes

As sound designers and mixers we struggle to get some level of control; control of our working situations and our tools. The funny thing is, sometimes not precisely controlling the tools we work with can lead to the most interesting results. Often an imprecise tool is exactly what we need. Like this one.

Tools of the Trade?

I’ve been doing more and more landscape painting over the last decade or so when I’m not working on movies. I’m not a great painter, but I’ve learned lots of things about it by diving in and giving myself permission to make lots of mistakes, then doing my best to figure out what each mistake can teach me.

What we can learn from impressionist artists...

This is part of a painting by Paul Cezanne. If you want to appreciate the beauty of a painting it’s rarely a good idea to look at it extremely closely, but that’s what I suggest you do with this one. It’s basically all “mistakes” and “accidents,” but Cezanne curated each one very, very carefully. If you zoom in far enough so that any of these individual apples fills the screen, you wouldn’t even guess you were looking at an apple. It’s just a seemingly random bunch of shapes and colors. But the overall result when you look at the whole thing from a distance is a stylized, beautiful, and compelling Impressionist masterpiece.

So, what’s the lesson here for sound?

I believe it’s best to think of sound design as more of an impressionist art form than one focused on realism. The goal should not be to try to reproduce reality. It should be to offer a twist on reality that expresses a set of emotions helpful to the overall storytelling.

Employing the most precise tools and using them in the most controlled way in every moment isn’t the best way to find those useful twists. Learning how to curate your mistakes and accidents is a better approach.

When I’m working on the sound for a shot of trees blowing in the wind, I never start by adding a sound for each limb moving, one at a time. I find a recording of wind-blown trees, and arbitrarily lay that up to the picture. There will almost always be at least one or two moments where something in the sound speaks to the visuals in a way I could not have matched by cutting each limb separately. Conversely, there will always be visual elements that aren’t covered by the general tree sound. I then try a similar approach, putting another, slightly more focused sound in rough sync with the moment I need to cover. Very often another piece of magic happens, and a sound I wouldn’t have thought to look for will express exactly what I need to express about that moment.

I’ve used this approach with the waves in Cast Away, the bicycle disintegrating in Forrest Gump, Elastigirl stretching in The Incredibles, and the bathroom plumbing going crazy in the Super Mario Bros. Movie.

​A rough brush, applied quickly, then carefully edited. It works!